There is far too much info for me to recount in this blog but, believe me, it was a major feat of engineering - the link below will give you more detail - enjoy!
http://www.csrmf.org/explore-and-learn/railroad-history/the-transcontinental-railroad/rails-to-the-pacific

A couple of things in particular stood out for me ......
- The labour used to build the line was predominantly Chinese
- the original survey of the Sierra Nevada took two years to find the spine of the mountain (only place where the Railroad could pass - this is because the mountain range runs North to South and the line needed to go East to West)
- The huge costs of building the Railroad was funded by the Rail company buying the land from the Government at a discount and then selling on parcels of land once the line had been constructed.
- Theadore Judah's original idea for the railroad through the Sierra Nevada was turned down in San Francisco - where they were happy to continue using the sea ports for handling freight.
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